نشریه علوم و فناوری بذر ایران
سال هشتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 16، پاییز و زمستان 1398)

In order to determine the cardinal temperatures for seed germination of two lentil cultivars(Robat and Calposh) a factorial experimental were conducted base on completely randomized design with four replications. Germination temperatures includes 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35°C and different priming includes: control(non-priming), Gibberellic Acid(C19H22O6) 100 mg.l-1, Potassium Nitrate(KNO3) 500 mg.l-1, Zinc Sulfate(ZnSO4)100 mg.l-1, Dayan Seed Solution four ml.l-1 and Hydroperiming. The cumulative germination percentage and 50% germination rate were calculated and cardinal temperature diagrams of seed germination of two lentil varieties were plotted based on three regression models(Intersected line, Quadratic Plynomial and Dent- Like). The results showed that cumulative germination percentage and 50% germination rate were significantly affected by priming, cultivar, priming time, interaction of priming and cultivar, priming and time. The highest percentage of cumulative germination was obtained in interaction of Robat cultivar at 10°C. The highest germination rate of 50% was obtained in the interaction between Calposh cultivar and Gibberellic Acid. Among the models, the dent-like model had higher correlation coefficient in priming treatments. According to this model, the base temperature, lower optimum temperature, optimum upper and maximum values for Robat cultivar were 0.46, 23.82, 30.50 and 36.98, respectively, and for Calposh cultivar 1.44, 23.46, 30.30 and 36.87 °C. In generally, Robat cultivar is more cold tolerance than the Calposh cultivar and has a lower base temperature and Robat cultivar had higher vigor seed. Finally, the priming could reduce the cardinal temperatures of both cultivars and increase their germination ability at the lower temperatures.

To examine the effect of priming and deterioration on the activity of antioxidant enzymes, mobility of seed reserves in French bean, a factorial experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments included deterioration (control without deterioration, 88% and 78% of germination of control) and priming (control, hydro-priming, priming by gibberellin and salicylic acid). The results showed that deterioration reduced germination percentage. Priming reduced the effect of deterioration and improved germination percentage. By increasing deterioration, seed reserves use efficiency (SRUE), seed reserves remobilization efficiency (SRRE) and fraction of used seed reserves (FUSR) were reduced, but respiration index (SR) and residual seed dry weight (RSDW) were increased. SRUE reduction was about 30% compared to the control treatment of deterioration and seed respiration index in gibberellin pre-treatment was higher about 24% compared to the control treatment without priming. The total seed protein content in gibberellin pretreatment and without deterioration was increased about 32 percent. The peroxidase activity in gibberellin treatment and deterioration 88% compared to the control showed an increase about 57%. The most superoxide dismutase activity (SOD, 175.2 unit mg-1 protein) was observed in priming with salicylic acid and deterioration 88%. The maximum amount of malondialdehyde (MDA, 1.46 mmol g-1 FW) was related to the treatment with no priming and deterioration 78%. In general, using gibberellin pretreatment strengthened weak bean seeds physiologically and the treatment can be used to increase weak seed vigor.

Nanotechnology is a powerful new technology, that can create a huge revolution in food supply and agriculture in global scope. In This research the effects of different concentrations of silver nano particles was studied on germination factors of two cultivars of cotton (Sayokra & Varamin) and one cultivar of mays (Single Cross 704) and the effects of these concentrations on MIC, MBC in (Xanthomonas smithii) as a seed-born bacteria and the agent of blight disease on cotton. The treatments used at this experiment including 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, 320, 640 µl/l concentrations of silver nano particles. Their effect were studied on seed germination rate, root, shoot and seedling length. maximum amount of shoot and seedling length in Sayokra was ralated to 120 µl/l and in Varamin cultivar was related to 60 µl/l. About mays cultivar, root, shoot and seedling length had highest and lowest amount at 80 and 160 µl/l respectively, and about the germination rate the lowest amount was relevant to 640 µl/l. in this study the MIC of (X. smithii) was 0.5 µl/l and the 100% inhibitor concentration was 15 µl/l.

The use of various types of polymers in the field of seed processing (coating seeds of various types of plants) has become very important in recent years. Polymer materials are used to add a mixture of fungicides and pesticides and growth regulators to help protect plant seedlings from growing and deploying better against pathogens and harmful insects in the early stages of plant growth. This research was carried out with the aim of making internal polymer and its feasibility study in seed of three sugar beet, corn and alfalfa crops during the years of 2014-2015. In order to compare the effect of foreign and internal polymer, seed quality, germination, abnormality percentage, Radicle length in laboratory and Seed vigor in greenhouse were evaluated. The results of the obtained spectra and surface tension the comparison of the polymer prepared with the foreign polymer used as a control. It can be concluded that the internalized polymer is physically and mechanically similar to that of an external polymer. Application of polymer in sugar beet cover had no adverse effect on germination and seed establishment. The results of this study showed that the synthesized internal polymer in this study can be used to coating the seeds of sugar beet and alfalfa and 1% and 1.5% for corn seeds in order to achieve optimum seed coating and not to have an adverse effect on their qualitative traits.

Considering the importance of proper nutrition of mother plant in the production of seeds with high vigor, a factorial experiment was done in a completely randomized design with 3 replications to study the germination characteristics of artichoke seeds which harvested from mother plants treated with chemical and biological fertilizers, in 2013. Chemical fertilizer treatments consisted of three levels (100% chemical fertilizer, 50% chemical fertilizer and control), and bio-fertilizer consisted of 4 levels (control, inoculation with Nitroxin, inoculation with Barvar 2 and inoculation with both bio-fertilizer). The use of chemical and biological fertilizers in the maternal plant had a positive and significant effect on germination and seedlings growth of artichoke. The results showed that among different levels of chemical fertilizer, the highest 1000 seed weight, germination percent, germination rate, vigor Index, plumule dry weight, radicle dry weight, seedling dry weight, radicle length, plumule length, seedling length was obtained in the residual effects of 100% chemical fertilizer + 100 kg nitrogen per hectare. Seed inoculation with both bio-fertilizer had the maximum amount of mentioned attributes. The control level had the highest mean of germination time. It councluded that application of chemical fertilizers along with biological fertilizers can lead to improvement of most germination indices in artichoke plants by increasing the absorption of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus.

This experiment was done in seed and plant certification and registration institute laboratory in 2015. The treatments were corn seed produced in Karaj and Moghan , seed storing condition in two controlled and Free weather conditions stores also Disinfection and non- Disinfection. The experiment was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized design in three replications. Germination percent of Karaj seeds before accelerated aging test was 92 percent and after 144 hours aging, it reduced 3 percent in controlled storage and it dropped 6 percent in Moghan conditions storage. While similar condition led to a decrease of 18 and 28 percent in Moghan seeds produced. When seeds were stored in controlled storage, indicated 17 percent higher protein content compared to storage in Moghan conditions. Catalase activity of Karaj seeds was higher than Moghan seeds (14%). Seed treatment had significant effect on peroxidase and MDA content, as peroxidase activity in treated seeds was 11 percent higher and MDA content was 8 percent lower than untreated seeds. Karaj seeds in controlled storage had the highest peroxidase activity and the lowest MDA content. So production seed conditions in Moghan was more critical in terms of temperature and humidity than Karaj so the biochemical properties of seeds have been affected. So that Moghan seeds had less storability after storing. On the other hand, seeds in Moghan store subjected to more critical temperature and humidity than controlled condition so more deteriorated.

Dehydration or Aging is one of the vigor reducing and seed germination limiting agents. Inappropriate storage places, especially the gene banks, can speed up the aging process in a variety of seeds. In this study, to improve the adverse effects of seed aging, hormone treatments with GA, Cytokinin, Auxin and Salicylic acid in concentrations of 50, 100 and 150 ppm (and distilled water as a control) on the quality of the naturally and synthetic deteriorated seeds of wheat were studied in the seed laboratory of Agriculture and natural resources college, Tehran University in 2015. After hormonal treatment, germination under salt stress in three levels, 0, -4 and -8 bar were investigated. The results showed that the naturally aged seeds had a higher mean value for all the traits. Treatment with cytokinin hormone showed higher percentage and germination rate and WGI between others hormones and all the hormonal treatments were better than control treatment (distilled water) in all traits and increased salinity stress tolerance. Salinity stress could affect all traits except the Mean Germinations Time.

In order to investigate the effect of different strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens with plant growth-promoting and salinity tolerance charachteristics on germination attributed traits and early growth of barley, a study was performed in Persian Gulf University, Bushehr. A factorial experiment was conducted with three factors of bacteria in four levels (P. fluorescens strains B10, B2-10, B2-11 and B4-6), salinity levels (0, 3 and 6 ds/m) and cultivar in five levels (Karun, Zehak, Nimrooz, South of the Sahra) in a completely randomized design with three replications. After a week, germination percentage and speed, seed vigor, length and dry weight of coleoptyl and radical and salinity tolerance index were measured. Results revealed that the main effect of bacteria, salinity and cultivars and their interactions were significant on all measured traits. Seed pre-treatment with all bacteria strains increased seed germination attributed traits, salinity tolerance index and seedling early growth were under salinity stress (P≤0.05). The current study confirms the ameliorative effect of indole acetic acid and ACC deaminase producing Pseudomonas strains on growth factors of barley seedlings under salt stress.

Drought stress on maternal plant can negatively affect germination characteristics of produced seeds, and micronutrients application in this circumstance may mitigate drought impacts and leads to seeds with higher vigor. This research was conducted as two experiments in 2015 in seed laboratory of Yasouj University. At first experiment the seeds obtained from a former experiment included of three irrigation levels (after 75, 110 and 145 mm evaporation from class A pan) and four foliar applications included of water, zinc sulfate 3000 ppm, boric acid 2000 ppm and mixture of zinc sulfate and boric acid, were evaluated in germination experiments in 30°c. Second experiment was a factorial based on RCD with three replications. First factor was drought stress, by PEG 6000, in three levels (0, -0.2 and -0.4 Mpa), and second factor in eight levels included of seed soaking in water, ZnSo4, H3Bo3 and ZnSo4 + H3Bo3 and seed with high content of Zn , B and Zn+ B and a dry seed as control. First experiment results showed that with delaying in irrigation time, foliar application of micronutrients, compared to water foliar application, significantly increased germination traits. In second experiment, although seed soaking in nutrients, significantly decreased germination indices, but seed with high zinc and boron contents positively affected on germination vigor and antioxidant activities especially under drought stress condition.

In order to study the effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and salinity stress on seed germination parameters, K and Na content of rye (Secale cereal L.) seedling , two factorial experiments based on CRD and RCB design were conducted with three replications at laboratory and greenhouse respectively at faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabil in 2016. Experimental factors were included soil salinity in four levels (no-salt as control, salinity 25, 50 and 75 mM as NaCl) and seed inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in four levels (no inoculation as control, inoculation with Pseudomonas, Azosprilium, both application of Pseudomonas and Azosprilium). The results showed that maximum germination components (such as ridicule and plumule length, radicule and plumule dry weight, germination percentage, uniformity of germination) were obtained at co-application of Pseudomonas and Azosprilium under non-saline condition and minimum of these parameters were obtained at 75 Mm NaCl and no inoculation. K/Na ratio in root and shoot were decreased with increasing salinity level. It was vise versa in seed inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Maximum ratio of Na/K was obtained at the highest level salinity and no inoculation seed with PGPR and minimum of it was obtained in both inoculation with Pseudomonas and Azosprilium and the least level of salinity. It seems that application of PGPR can be used as a proper method for increasing K /Na ratio, germination components and seedling growth of rye under salinity stress.

One of the most challenges in hybrid maize seed was harvesting direct by self-combine cereal harvest. The objectives of the current study were determined and evaluated economical - Technical parameters for picker-husker auto-harvester maize seed. The split plot experimental design based on the randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used to evaluate treatments with three replications. The main plot was seed moisture content at three levels such as 29, 25 and 21 percent. The sub-plot was the harvesting corn of different methods at four levels (A: by picker-husker auto-harvester, B by PTO connected picker, C: by workers and D: direct harvest by cereal combine for harvesting of maize seed production. According to the results, hybrid maize seed harvesting by picker-husker auto-harvester, PTO connected picker and harvesting by hand are most profitable methods, respectively. Result shooed the mean cracking of seed in harvest with picker-husker auto-harvester and PTO connected picker was 7.11 and 7.7%, respectively. The highest mean fracture was found to be 15.66% in conventional combine. So currently harvesting by picker-husker is most economic and profitable harvest method, all of physical and physiological quality characters and storability was significantly higher than conventional method. Economic survey results with budgeting method showed that harvesting corn seed with a new self-propelled at moisture content of 29 percent was the most profitable technique for farmers.

Borage is one of the important medicinal plants with unequal and poor seed germination as a result of deterioration during storage. With attention to abundance of salty water and soils in country, this research was contacted to study of the effect of priming and deterioration of seed on germination, growth and biochemistry characteristic of borage under salinity stress. The experimental treatments were salinity stress, seed priming and deterioration duration (0, 8 and 14 hours). The results showed that percentage and rate of germination, seedling dry weight and length and weight were decreased with increasing of salinity stress levels and duration of deterioration. Seedlings dry weight loss was about 75% to 78% under salinity stress. Activity of peroxidase and catalase enzymes and proline content in seedling were increased under salinity stress, and this increase in seedlings from primed seeds was significantly higher than those of control seeds. Seed priming significantly increased the seed germination, growth and prolin content of seedling in both salinity stress and deterioration conditions. Seed priming caused a 1.6 and 2.5- fold increase in the catalase activity of seedlings derived from undeteriorated and deteriorated (14 hours) seeds, respectively. Generally, seed priming with ascorbic acid was reduced the negative effects of salinity stress and deterioration through increasing seed vigor and improving the biochemical properties of seedlings, and led to improve the seed germination and seedling growth under favorable and unfavorable conditions.

In order to comparison the effects of growth promoting bacteria on germination of hamadani alfalfa seeds, a randomized complete block design was conducted with 4 replications and 8 levels of bacterial inoculation (include non-inoculation, application of Acinetrobacter calcoaceticus PTCC 1318, Bacillus megaterium PTCC 1250, Enterobacter aerogenes PTCC 1221 lonely and their pairwise and triple combination of them(. Another CRD factorial experiment was also conducted with 3 replications in greenhouse conditions. Mentioned bacterial treatments were as the first factor and injection of bacteria into the soil of pots as the second factor. The results showed that application of bacteria increased the vigor index of seedling, percentage and germination rate, but did not affect other alfalfa traits in the laboratory. Inoculation of seeds with bacteria in the pots had positive effects on alfalfa growth, percentage and rate of emergence, dry weight, root volume and length, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content. Injection of bacteria to the soil also affected some traits, which could be due to better placement and/or a larger population of bacteria in the rhizosphere. Application of bacteria lonely had better results than their combinations. It may be due to antagonistic effects of bacteria on each other, which may reduce positive effects.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different treatments on seed germination and survival of seeds in two regions around Semnan, Sokan (as the understory of pine and black locust plantation) and Soofiabad (as a desert shrub land). The amount of germination of these seeds from two region was estimated by 22 treatments through mechanical (scarification by sand paper) and chemical treatments (sulfuric acid, nitric acid, sodium hydroxide), each treatment in three period of time (10, 20 and 30 minute) and control treatment under greenhouse condition. Furthermore, some parameters such as seed germination speed, height and diameter of seedlings were studied by applying 22 different treatments. The results showed that the highest germination and growth of seedlings were observed under physical scarifying treatment and under Sulfuric acid treatment after 10 minutes. Amount of germination in mechanical treatment (scarification by sand paper) in Sokan seed (71 percent) was more than Sofi abad (57 percent), significantly. Increasing the time of sulfuric acid treatment (from 10 to 30 minute) decreased the germination of seeds (maximum germination in Sokan region in 10 minute treatment was 53.4 and in Sofiabad region was 28.3 percent). The germination rate in Sokan forest ecosystem under scarifying treatment and sulfuric acid (10 minutes) was significantly higher (53.4) than those in desert ecosystem Sufi-Abad (28.7). Moreover, the results of electric conductivity test also showed that the Sufi-Abad had lower quality of seeds. As electric conductivity in Sokan and Sofiabad seed was 3.36 and 6.84, respectively.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of biopriming on a number of selected species of Trichoderma fungi (T. harzianum, T. viride, T. konigii, T. virens and T. atroviridae( on vegetative and morphological traits of seedlings from sweet corn, wheat and sugar beet. Also, the effect of gamma-mutation on Trichoderma genome and its effectiveness was investigated. The experiment was conducted with three levels of inoculation; control, inoculation with Trichoderma mutant and inoculation with Trichoderma wild type in a completely randomized design with three replications at the Nuclear Agriculture Research Institute, done. Germination percentage and length, weight and seedling traits were evaluated based on the ISTA method. The results showed that maize seed biopriming with formulation of Trichoderma species (wild type and mutant) had a superiority in dry weight and Vigor index than control, and in other traits it was also observed improvement. Germination of wheat treated Trichoderma was 100%. Seedling length increased, but other traits had no significant statistical difference. Treatment with Trichoderma fungi in sugar beet had no favorable effect on measured traits. Totally, the results showed that biopriming of seeds with Trichoderma fungi in wheat and maize improved plant growth parameters, especially in the stages of its establishment and its initial growth. but, this method is not generalizable for all plants and should be studied in detail.

Common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) is a widespread weed with high medical value and interested for researchers because of deep dormancy in one of its two seeds in one bur. However, lack of genomic data has led to low information about it. Transcriptome large and small seeds were sequenced using Illumina platform to identify and functional analysis of differentially expressed transcripts in two seeds. Identified sequences in each seeds were compared and differentially expressed genes were functionally annotated. In this research 191192 sequence with a mean of 989.69 bp were detected. Sequence similarity analysis and functional analysis was carried out aginst nr, GO and KEGG databases. Differentially expressed genes had the most similarity with sunflower (83.41 per cent) in terms of top hits. GO analysis led to identify 615 functional annotation distributed in 36 categories. The most abomdant GO in biological process was biosynthesis. Results of our research shows the higher biosynthetic and metabolic processes in large seed of certain bur rather than the small one and also key regulatory role of transcription during seed development.

Genetic purity is one of the most important qualitative criteria for success in hybrid seeds production. In order to avoid reduction in yield caused by using presence of seeds resulting from self-pollinating and unwanted crossing or seed mixing, development of a simple, rapid, and accurate method for genetic purity assessment is of great importance. Accordingly, the genetic purity of 6 important Iranian commercial maize hybrid cultivars (KSC703, KSC704, KSC705, KSC706, Karun and Mobin) was evaluated by GOT and molecular markers. The results of GOT showed that the lowest and highest genetic purity belonged to Mobin (67.9%) and KSC704 (92.9%) hybrids, respectively. Out of the 11 SSR markers, 6 primers were selected since they have produced clear, scorable and unambiguous polymorphic bands among the parents, so that they could identify all hybrids from self-pollinated seeds and off-types. Due to the high correlation between GOT and molecular marker results, Hence, it is proposed that these SSR markers can be used in efficient analysis of hybrid seed purity since this technique is simple to use, more accurate and not affected by environment when compared with GOT.

The purpose of this study is to measure the effective factors on adoption of certified rainfed wheat seed by wheat producing farmers in Kermanshah province. This study is quantitative and conducted through a survey using researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of the study was 372 wheat farmers, consisted of two groups of farmers who applied certified seed and those who do not apply certified seed, which were selected according to cluster sampling method. Logistic regression results indicated that the variables of education level, number of land lots and technical knowledge of seed preparation had a negative and significant relationship with the acceptance of certified seed. Also seed quality, variety quality, way of cultivation and using micro-nutrients had positive and meaningful impact on acceptance of certifies seed by wheat producing farmers in Kermanshah province. The overall ability assessment of the model also showed that 85.2% of the studied farmers were correctly classified.

A factorial experiment with three replications was conducted based on CRD to evaluate the influence of nanoceria and sodium nitroprusside in improving germination and biochemical characteristics of wheat under drought stress. The effects of nanoceria including 0, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg L-1 as well as 0 and 100 μM sodium nitroprusside as NO donor were studied under levels of drought stress (0, -0.4 and -0.8 MPa). Drought stress increased MGT, the activity of SOD, CAT, APX enzymes and MDA content in wheat seedlings but reduced other studied parameters such as germination percentage and germination rate. Simultaneous application of nanoceria and sodium nitroprusside significantly affected some studied parameters. Application of nanoceria (1000 mg L-1) + sodium nitroprusside enhanced germination percentage and seed vigor index by 44.5 and 75.5 percent respectively under -0.8 MPa drought stress. Aforementioned treatment also improved the activity of SOD and APX by 19.7 and 41.1 percentage respectively and decreased MDA content in wheat seedling by 33.5 percentage under -0.8 MPa drought stress. It seems that sodium nitroprusside and nanoceria alleviate the adverse effects of drought stress on wheat seedling via improving germination indices and promoting antioxidant defense system.

This research in order to study on post-harvest process effect on 2 soybean commercial Williams and Saba (L17) in Moghan region was conducted as a 2×5, two cultivars× 5 post-harvest process stages including after harvest, after drying, after cleaning after packing and stacking and storage, factorial experiment based on completely randomized design by 3 replications. Studied traits were normal seedlings percent in standard germination test and after accelerated ageing test, seedling weight vigour index after standard germination test, broken seeds percent, cracked coat seeds percent and electrical conductivity. Results revealed Williams cultivar had more normal seedlings percent after accelerated ageing test and seedling weight vigour index after standard germination test and less cracked coat seeds percent. Also the least normal seedlings percent in standard germination test, normal seedlings percent after accelerated ageing test and seedling weight vigour index after standard germination test and the most broken seeds percent, cracked coat seeds percent and electrical conductivity investigated. Based on this research results Williams cultivar seeds had more germination ability and vigour preservation potential during post-harvest process stages than Saba (L17) cultivar. Also germination ability and vigour decrease after drying and storage stages revealed seed drying unsuitability.